Discovery and Pathogen Properties
This microorganism was first identified in Marburg, West Germany, following a large-scale laboratory outbreak among staff members. Investigations revealed that the source of infection was imported African green monkeys (Chlorocebus aethiops), whose tissues came into contact with laboratory personnel.
In laboratory settings, the agent is successfully cultured in cell lines. However, it is important to note that a specific cytopathic effect (CPE) may be completely absent, requiring specialized approaches for viral detection.
Epidemiological Features
Natural reservoirs of the infection include bats (such as fruit bats) and African green monkeys. The human population is extremely susceptible to this infectious agent. Cases are typically sporadic, presenting as isolated local outbreaks or laboratory-acquired infections.
Transmission occurs through two main routes:
- Contact route: via direct interaction with infected blood from patients or primates.
- Droplet route: through close contact with an infectious source.
Clinical Presentation and Course of Disease
The incubation period ranges widely from 2 to 19 days. The disease manifests very acutely: patients report a sharp spike in body temperature and severe constitutional symptoms.
In the early phase, the virus actively targets the respiratory system and gastrointestinal tract. As the infection progresses to days 5–7, the peak stage sets in. This is characterized by severe manifestations: a specific hemorrhagic rash appears on the skin, and profuse bloody diarrhea develops. The prognosis is extremely grave, with a mortality rate reaching 50%.