Etiology and Types of Preparations
The term originates from the Latin name of Indian hemp, Cannabis sativa. The pathogenesis is based on the use of various forms of plant material, which include:
- Marijuana
- Anasha
- Hashish, which is a concentrated resin containing approximately 12% tetrahydrocannabinol.
Primary pharmacological activity is mediated by cannabinoids. Key compounds include anandamide, tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), cannabidiol, and cannabinol. A special group consists of synthetic analogs (e.g., CP-55940 and WIN-55212-2). Unlike natural compounds, which are nearly insoluble in water, synthetic cannabinoids are highly soluble and induce a much more potent psychoactive effect.
Pharmacokinetics and Metabolic Transformations
Upon entering the body, tetrahydrocannabinol demonstrates a specific pathway of distribution and elimination:
- Absorption: THC rapidly enters the bloodstream and is subsequently actively absorbed by internal organs and tissues.
- Metabolism: Primary transformations occur in hepatocytes. In the liver, the parent compound is biotransformed into 11-hydroxy-tetrahydrocannabinol, which retains psychoactive properties. Additionally, over twenty minor metabolites with minimal psychoactive activity are formed.
- Elimination: The excretion of THC and its degradation products from the body is slow, occurring primarily via the gastrointestinal tract with feces.
Clinical Manifestations of Intoxication
The effects of tetrahydrocannabinol on the central nervous system are accompanied by a characteristic spectrum of symptoms. Pathophysiological effects include:
- A sensation of general muscular and psychological relaxation.
- A state of euphoria, somewhat resembling the effects of low-dose alcohol consumption.
- Pronounced thought disorders.
- Difficulty concentrating.
- Behavioral abnormalities analogous to signs of alcohol intoxication.