Pathophysiology

346 topics: concise articles with key facts, structure and typical exam questions.

• Acid-Base Balance Indicators
• Acromegaly and Gigantism
• Acute Adaptation to Hypoxia
• Acute Heart Failure
• Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome
• Adaptation and Defensive-Compensatory Processes
• Adaptation to Hypoxia
• Addison's Disease
• Adenohypophysis Pathology
• Allergy Treatment and Prevention
• Alteration in Inflammation
• Alterations of Consciousness
• Alveolar Hyperventilation
• Alveolar Hypoventilation
• Amino Acid Metabolism Disorders
• Amino Acid Transport Disorders
• Amyloidosis
• Anemia
• Angina Pectoris
• Antigen-Dependent Autoimmune Diseases (Immune Self-Aggression)
• Antitumor Defense Mechanisms of the Body
• Antitumor Immunity
• Antivitamins
• Apoptosis: Mechanism, Stages, and Differences from Necrosis
• Appetite Regulation and Adipokines
• Arterial Hyperemia
• Arterial Hypertension
• Arterial Hypotension: Pathophysiology and Classification
• Ataxia
• Atherosclerosis
• Autosomal Inheritance
• Bacterial Toxins
• Benign and Malignant Tumors
• Bilirubin Metabolism and Jaundice
• Blood Buffer Systems: Anatomy, Parts and Function
• Blood Loss and Posthemorrhagic States
• Blood Volume Disorders
• Body Fluid Compartments: Anatomy, Distribution and Disorders
• Cannabism
• Cardiac Arrhythmias
• Cardiac Edema: Pathophysiology and Mechanisms
• Causes and Stages of Stress
• Cell Membrane and Enzyme Damage in Cell Injury
• Cellular Adaptation and Defense Mechanisms
• Cellular Dystrophies (Degenerations)
• Cellular Energy Supply Disorders
• Cellular Ionic and Water Imbalance
• Central Paralysis and Paresis
• Centrogenic Endocrinopathies
• Changes in the Leukocyte Differential
• Chemical Carcinogens
• Chloride Metabolism Disorders
• Cholaemia and Acholia Syndromes
• Chromosomal Disorders
• Chronic Alcoholism: Metabolism, Toxicity and Pathophysiology
• Chronic Colitis
• Circulatory Hypoxia
• Classification of Acid-Base Balance Disorders
• Classification of Anemias
• Classification of Diseases
• Classification of Endocrine System Organs and Cells
• Classification of Hemoblastoses
• Classification of Hypoxia
• Classification of Mutations
• Classification of Nervous System Disorders
• Cocainism
• Collapsus
• Coma
• Conditions for Infection Development
• Congenital Malformations
• Coronary Insufficiency
• Correction of Transmembrane Transport and Ion Exchange Mechanisms
• Cushing Syndrome
• Decompensated Shock Stage
• Diabetic Encephalopathy: Pathogenesis and Clinical Features
• Diabetic Ketoacidotic Coma
• Diabetic Nephropathy
• Diabetic Neuropathy
• Diabetic Retinopathy
• DIC Syndrome
• Disease
• Diseases of Dysadaptation
• Disorders of Final Stages of Protein Catabolism
• Disorders of Sex Development
• Disruption of the Cellular Genetic Program
• Dumping Syndrome
• Dyslipoproteinemias
• Dysphagia
• Dysproteinemias: Types, Mechanisms, and Clinical Significance
• Early Stage of Substance Addiction
• Edema: Types, Pathophysiology, and Mechanisms
• Efferent Nervous System Disorders: Pathophysiology & Mechanisms
• Emaciation and Cachexia
• Endocrine and Renal Arterial Hypertension
• Endocrine Mechanisms of Obesity
• Enteropathy
• Erythrocytosis
• Erythrocytosis and Polycythemia Vera
• Essential Hypertension: Pathophysiology and Stages
• Etiological Factors in Pathology
• Etiology and Classification of Poisoning
• Etiology and Pathogenesis
• Etiology of Cell Injury
• Etiology of Inflammation
• Etiology of Peptic Ulcer Disease
• Excretion Alkalosis
• Excretory Acidosis
• Exogenous Acid-Base Disorders
• Exogenous Hypoxia: Pathogenesis, Forms and Blood Gas Changes
• Extrapulmonary Causes of Hypoventilation
• Extrapyramidal Disorders
• Extreme States
• Exudation: Mechanisms, Components, and Types
• Fever
• Fever in Children
• Final Stage of Substance Use Disorder
• Functional Atypia of Tumors
• Gastric Achylia and Secretory Disorders
• Gastric Motility Disorders: Pathophysiology and Mechanisms
• Gastric Secretory Dysfunction
• Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease
• Gene Mutations: Types, Mechanisms, and Clinical Effects
• General Adaptation Syndrome
• General Issues of Liver Pathophysiology
• General Mechanisms of Cell Injury
• Glycolipidoses
• Gout and Hyperuricemia
• Growth Hormone Deficiency
• Haemoblastosis: Pathophysiology and Classification
• Hallucinogens
• Health and Norm: Concepts in Pathophysiology
• Heart Failure: Pathophysiology and Clinical Manifestations
• Heartburn, Nausea, and Vomiting
• Heat Stroke and Sunstroke
• Hemic Hypoxia: Pathophysiology and Causes
• Hemolytic Anemias
• Hemorrhage
• Hemorrhagic Syndrome
• Hepatic Coma
• Hepatic Failure
• Hepatitis and Liver Cirrhosis
• Host Defense Mechanisms in Infection
• Host-Microbe Interactions: Symbiosis, Parasitism, and Mutualism
• Humoral Factors of Innate Immunity
• Hypercalcemia
• Hyperhydration
• Hyperkalemia
• Hypermagnesemia
• Hypernatremia
• Hyperosmolar and Isoosmolar Dehydration
• Hyperosmolar Coma
• Hyperoxygenation
• Hyperparathyroidism
• Hyperphosphatemia
• Hypersalivation
• Hyperthermia
• Hyperthermic Reactions
• Hyperthyroidism: Pathophysiology and Clinical Manifestations
• Hypervitaminosis D
• Hypervitaminosis K
• Hypervitaminosis: Pathophysiology, Types and Toxicity
• Hypervolemia and Hypovolemia
• Hypo-osmolar Hyperhydration
• Hypoaldosteronism
• Hypocalcemia
• Hypocalcemia and Hypoparathyroidism
• Hypoglycemic Coma
• Hypohydration
• Hypokalemia: Causes, ECG Changes and Management
• Hypomagnesemia
• Hyponatraemia
• Hypophosphatemia
• Hyposalivation
• Hypothermia
• Hypothyroidism
• Hypouricemia
• Hypovitaminosis
• Hypovitaminosis D: Pathogenesis, Rickets, and Calcium Metabolism
• Hypoxia and Hypoxemia
• Immune and Nervous Systems in Infection
• Immune-Mediated Autoaggression Diseases
• Immunopathology in Diabetes Mellitus
• Impaired Pulmonary Diffusion Capacity
• Infectious Process
• Inflammatory Mediators
• Intestinal Digestion and Absorption Disorders
• Intestinal Motility Disorders: Diarrhea and Constipation
• Iron-Deficiency Anemia
• Irritable Bowel Syndrome
• Ischemia
• Leukemias
• Leukemoid Reactions
• Leukocyte Emigration
• Leukocytosis
• Leukocytosis and Leukopenia
• Leukopenia: Pathophysiology, Causes, and Mechanisms
• Lipid Metabolism Disorders
• Lipid Peroxidation
• Lipodystrophies
• Local and Systemic Signs of Inflammation
• Long-Term Adaptation to Hypoxia
• Malabsorption Syndrome: Pathophysiology and Manifestations
• Management of Comatose States
• Management of Critical Conditions
• Mechanisms of Pathogenesis
• Mechanisms of the Infectious Process
• Metabolic Acidosis
• Metabolic Alkalosis
• Metabolic Atypism of Tumors
• Metabolic Disorders in Hypoxia
• Metabolic Disorders in Liver Pathology
• Metabolic Disturbances in the Inflammation Focus
• Methods for Diagnosing Hereditary Diseases
• Microbial Pathogenicity Factors
• Microcirculation Disorders
• Middle Stage of Substance Use Disorder
• Mixed Acid-Base Disorders
• Modes of Inheritance
• Multifactorial Diseases
• Mutagens
• Myocardial Conduction Disturbances
• Myocardial Infarction
• Myocardial Injury
• Myocardial Ischemia
• Neurodystrophic Process
• Neurogenic Arterial Hypertension
• Neuronal Injury
• Neurosis: Pathophysiology, Types and Clinical Forms
• Nucleic Acid Metabolism Disorders
• Obesity
• Oncogenes and Tumor Suppressors
• Opioid Dependence: Pathophysiology and Effects
• Osmotic and Membranogenic Factors of Edema
• Ovarian Pathology and Hypogonadism
• Pathogenesis of ARDS
• Pathogenesis of Coma
• Pathogenesis of Digestive System Diseases
• Pathogenesis of Edema
• Pathogenesis of Peptic Ulcer Disease
• Pathogenesis of Renal Edema
• Pathogenesis of Substance Addiction and Abuse
• Pathogenesis of the Stress Response
• Pathogenic Effects of Stress
• Pathological Hyperactivation of the Nervous System
• Pathological Patterns of Respiration
• Pathological Process, Reaction, and State
• Pathology of External Respiration
• Pathology of Hemostasis
• Pathology of the Circulatory System
• Pathology of the Hemostatic System: Thrombocytopenias and Thrombocytopathies
• Pathophysiology of Pain
• Pedigree Analysis
• Peptic Ulcer Disease Manifestations
• Peripheral Blood Flow Disorders
• Phagocyte Microbicidal System
• Phagocytosis
• Pharmacological Stress Management
• Pheochromocytoma: Pathophysiology and Clinical Features
• Physical Carcinogens
• Physiological Mechanisms of Acid-Base Balance Regulation
• Portal of Entry of Infection
• Postglandular Endocrinopathies
• Prevention and Treatment of Tumors
• Primary Glandular Endocrinopathies
• Principles of Cellular Protection Against Injury
• Principles of Endocrinopathy Therapy
• Principles of Liver Disease Treatment
• Principles of Poisoning Treatment
• Principles of Therapy for Digestive Disorders
• Principles of Therapy for Infectious Processes
• Principles of Treatment for Hereditary Diseases
• Proliferation in Inflammation
• Protection of the Cellular Genetic Apparatus from Damage
• Protein Digestion and Absorption Disorders
• Protein Excess and Amino Acid Imbalance
• Protein, Lipid, and Ion Metabolism Atypism in Tumors
• Protein-Energy Malnutrition
• Psychotropic Substances: Pharmacology and Addiction
• Pubertal Disorders
• Pulmonary Edema
• Pulmonary Perfusion Disorders
• Pyroptosis
• Reactivity of the Organism
• Relapse and Remission
• Renal Edema
• Reperfusion Syndrome
• Respiratory Acidosis
• Respiratory Alkalosis
• Respiratory Distress Syndrome in Newborns
• Respiratory Failure
• Respiratory Hypoxia
• Risk Factors for Tumor Growth
• Sensory Disturbances
• Sex-Linked and Mitochondrial Inheritance
• Shock
• Shock Compensation Stage
• Significance and Treatment of Fever
• Specific and Non-Specific Mechanisms of Pathogenesis
• Stages of Carcinogenesis
• Stages of Disease
• Stages of Extreme States
• Stages of the Infectious Process
• Stress-Limiting Systems
• Sudden Infant Death Syndrome
• Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone Secretion
• Systemic and Local Effects of Tumors on the Body
• Systemic Changes in Fever
• Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome (SIRS)
• Taste Disorders
• Temperature Curves in Fever
• Terminal States
• Terminal States and Death
• Thalassemia
• Therapeutic Hypothermia
• Thermal Balance Disorders
• Thrombotic Syndrome
• Tissue Hypoxia
• Toll-Like Receptors (TLR)
• Traumatic and Burn Shock
• Treatment and Prevention of Hypoxia
• Treatment of Edema
• Treatment of Hyperthermia
• Treatment of Hypohydration
• Tumor Atipia
• Tumor Invasive Growth
• Tumor Metastasis
• Tumor Staging and Tumor Markers
• Type II Hypersensitivity Reactions
• Type III Hypersensitivity Reactions
• Type IV Hypersensitivity Reactions
• Types and Course of Inflammation
• Types of Cell Death
• Types of Poisons
• Types of Substance Dependence and Toxicomania
• Typical Disorders of Protein Metabolism
• Ulcerative Colitis: Pathophysiology and Clinical Presentation
• Venous Hyperemia
• Ventilation-Perfusion Mismatch
• Vitamin A Deficiency
• Vitamin B1
• Vitamin B12
• Vitamin B12 and Folate Deficiency Anemias
• Vitamin B5
• Vitamin B6
• Vitamin C
• Vitamin PP