Biochemistry

265 topics: concise articles with key facts, structure and typical exam questions.

• Absorptive and Postabsorptive States
• Acetylcholinesterase
• Active Site of Enzymes
• Active Transport Across the Membrane
• Adenylyl Cyclase System
• Adrenal Gland Disorders
• Allosteric Regulation of Enzymes
• Amino Acid Deamination
• Amino Acid Synthesis
• Amino Acid Transamination
• Amino Acids and the Peptide Bond
• Amino Acids: Classification, Metabolism and Role
• Ammonia Metabolism: Sources, Transport, and Detoxification
• AMP and GMP Synthesis
• Anaplerotic Reactions
• Anticancer Drugs (Nucleotide Synthesis Inhibitors)
• Anticholinergics and Muscle Relaxants
• Antidiuretic Hormone
• Ascorbic Acid
• Atherosclerosis
• Atherosclerosis and Dyslipidemias
• Atrial Natriuretic Peptide
• Beta-Oxidation of Fatty Acids
• Bile Acid Biosynthesis
• Bile Acids
• Biogenic Amines
• Biosynthesis of Higher Fatty Acids
• Biosynthesis of Triacylglycerols
• Biotin
• Blood Glucose Regulation: Fasting, Postprandial, and Starvation States
• Calcium and Phosphorus Metabolism
• Carbohydrate Digestion Disorders
• Carbohydrate Metabolism in Erythrocytes
• Carbohydrate Structure, Digestion, and Absorption
• Catalytic Receptors
• Cellular Respiration
• Chaperones
• Chemical Carcinogenesis
• Cholesterol Biosynthesis
• Cholesterol Metabolism
• Cholesterol Transport
• Chromatin and Histones
• Chylomicrons
• Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs Cycle)
• Classification and Nomenclature of Enzymes
• Classification and Structure of Lipids
• Cofactors and Coenzymes
• Collagen
• Competitive Enzyme Inhibition
• Corticosteroids
• Covalent Modification of Enzymes
• Creatine Kinase
• Creatine Metabolism
• Deoxyribonucleotide Synthesis
• Detoxification of Amino Acid Catabolism Products in the Gut
• Diabetes Mellitus
• Diabetes Mellitus and Alpha-Glucosidase Inhibitors
• Digestion and Absorption of Carbohydrates
• Disulfide Bonds in Proteins
• DNA Cloning
• DNA Diagnostics
• DNA Diagnostics and Gene Therapy
• DNA Mutations
• DNA Repair
• DNA Replication
• DNA Structure
• Drug Biotransformation and Metabolism
• Dyslipoproteinemias
• Effect of Alcohol on Gluconeogenesis
• Effect of Temperature on Enzyme Activity
• Eicosanoids: Synthesis, Pathways, and Pharmacology
• Elastin
• Electron Transport Chain
• Electron Transport Chain Inhibitors
• Endocrine System
• Endocytosis and Exocytosis
• Energy Homeostasis
• Enzyme Action Specificity
• Enzyme Activation by Limited Proteolysis
• Enzyme Activity Measurement
• Enzyme Activity Regulation
• Enzyme Diagnostics of Myocardial Infarction
• Enzyme Diagnostics: Principles and Clinical Markers
• Enzyme Inhibition
• Enzyme Phosphorylation and Dephosphorylation
• Enzyme Reaction Kinetics
• Enzyme Therapy
• Enzymes in Medicine and Enzymopathies
• Enzymopathies
• Ethanol Metabolism
• Extracellular Matrix
• Fasting Metabolism: Biochemical Pathways and Adaptations
• Fat Biosynthesis
• Fat Mobilization (Lipolysis)
• Fate of Amino Acid Carbon Skeletons
• Fate of the Carbon Skeleton of Amino Acids
• Fatty Acid Biosynthesis
• Fibronectin
• Flavin Coenzymes
• Fluid and Electrolyte Balance
• Folic Acid Metabolism
• Functions of Nucleotides and Their Derivatives
• Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid (GABA)
• General Characteristics and Properties of Enzymes
• Genetic Code
• Genetic Polymorphism
• Glucagon
• Gluconeogenesis
• Glucose Catabolism
• Glucose Level Disorders
• Glucose Metabolism
• Glucose Transporters (GLUT)
• Glucose-Lactate Cycle (Cori Cycle)
• Glucuronidation and Sulfation
• Glutathione
• Glycogen Mobilization (Glycogenolysis)
• Glycogen Storage Diseases and Carbohydrate Digestion Disorders
• Glycogen Storage Diseases: Types, Pathogenesis and Clinical Features
• Glycogen Synthesis
• Glycogen Synthesis (Glycogenogenesis)
• Glycogenolysis: Pathway, Enzymes, and Regulation
• Glycolysis
• Glycosaminoglycans
• Gout and Hyperuricemia
• Heme Biosynthesis
• Heme Catabolism
• Hemoglobin
• Histamine Metabolism
• Histidine Metabolism
• Hormonal Regulation of Metabolism
• Hormonal Regulation of Template Biosyntheses
• Hyaluronic Acid
• Hydrolases
• Hyperammonemia
• Hyperthyroidism and Hypothyroidism
• Immunodeficiencies Associated with Nucleotide Metabolism
• Immunoglobulin Genes
• Immunoglobulins (Antibodies)
• Inositol Phosphate System
• Insulin
• Interferons
• Intracellular Receptors
• Iodothyronines
• Iron Metabolism
• Iron Metabolism Disorders
• Irreversible Enzyme Inhibition
• Isoenzymes
• Jaundice
• Ketone Bodies: Synthesis, Oxidation and Clinical Significance
• Lactate Dehydrogenase
• Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH) Activity Assay
• Lactate Metabolism and the Effects of Ethanol on Carbohydrate Metabolism
• Lactic Acidosis
• Lactose Intolerance
• Laminin
• Lesch-Nyhan Syndrome: Pathogenesis and Clinical Features
• Lipid Digestion
• Lipid Digestion and Absorption
• Lipids of Biological Membranes
• Lipoamide
• Lipoproteins
• Lyases
• Major Coenzymes
• MAPK Cascade
• Matrix Metalloproteinases
• Mechanism of Action of Atropine
• Mechanism of Action of Caffeine
• Mechanism of Action of Sulfonamides
• Mechanism of Enzymatic Catalysis
• Mechanisms of Hormone Action
• Mechanisms of Protein Diversity in Eukaryotes
• Membrane Proteins
• Membrane Receptors and Secondary Messengers
• Metabolism and Energy Balance
• Metabolism of Amino Acid Carbon Skeletons
• Methionine Metabolism
• Michaelis Constant
• Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors (MAOIs)
• Myoglobin
• Neonatal Jaundice
• Nicotinamide Coenzymes (NAD+ and NADP+)
• Nitrogen Balance
• Non-Competitive and Irreversible Inhibition
• Nucleic Acid Hybridization
• Nucleotide Structure
• Obesity
• Orotic Aciduria
• Oxidative Decarboxylation of Pyruvate
• Oxidative Phosphorylation
• Oxidoreductases
• Parkinson's Disease: Biochemistry and Pharmacology
• Passive Transport Across the Cell Membrane
• Pentose Phosphate Pathway (PPP)
• Peptide Hormones
• Phenylalanine and Tyrosine Metabolism
• Phenylalanine and Tyrosine Metabolism Disorders
• Phospholipids
• Physicochemical Properties of Proteins
• Polymerase Chain Reaction
• Porphyria: Pathophysiology and Mechanisms
• Post-Transcriptional RNA Modifications
• Post-Translational Modifications
• Protein Active Site
• Protein Chromatography
• Protein Denaturation
• Protein Denaturation and Renaturation
• Protein Digestion in the Stomach
• Protein Digestion: Enzymes, Pathways and Regulation
• Protein Families
• Protein Function Fundamentals
• Protein Secondary Structure
• Protein Structural Motifs
• Proteoglycans
• Purine Nucleotide Catabolism
• Purine Nucleotide Salvage Pathways
• Purine Nucleotide Synthesis
• Pyridoxal Phosphate
• Pyrimidine Nucleotide Catabolism
• Pyrimidine Nucleotide Salvage Pathways
• Pyrimidine Nucleotide Synthesis
• Quaternary Protein Structure
• Recombinant DNA Technology
• Regulation of Calcium and Phosphate Metabolism
• Regulation of Cortisol Synthesis and Secretion
• Regulation of Energy Metabolism
• Regulation of Fatty Acid Synthesis
• Regulation of Gene Expression in Eukaryotes
• Regulation of Gene Expression in Prokaryotes
• Regulation of Gluconeogenesis and Glycolysis
• Regulation of Glycogen Metabolism
• Regulation of Glycolysis
• Regulation of Glycolysis and Gluconeogenesis in the Liver
• Regulation of Purine Nucleotide Synthesis
• Regulation of Pyrimidine Nucleotide Synthesis
• Regulation of Water and Electrolyte Balance
• Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS)
• Respiratory Control
• Ribonucleotide Reductase: Structure, Mechanism and Regulation
• Ribosomes
• RNA Processing
• RNA Structure
• Role of Folic Acid
• Role of Glutathione in Erythrocytes
• Role of Glutathione in Xenobiotic Detoxification
• Scurvy
• Serine and Glycine Metabolism
• Sickle Cell Anemia
• Specific and Common Pathways of Catabolism
• Structure of Nucleic Acids
• Succinate Dehydrogenase and Malonate
• Synthesis of UDP, UTP, and CTP
• Tertiary Protein Structure
• Thermogenic Function of Cellular Respiration
• Thymidylate Synthesis
• Thyroid Hormones
• Transcription
• Transferases
• Translation: Mechanism, Steps and Protein Synthesis
• Transmembrane Glucose Transport
• Uncoupling of Respiration and Phosphorylation
• Urea Cycle
• Very Low-Density Lipoproteins (VLDL)
• Water-Soluble Vitamins
• Xanthine Oxidase
• Xenobiotic Detoxification in the Liver: Phases and Mechanisms