Physiology

490 topics: concise articles with key facts, structure and typical exam questions.

• Absolute Refractory Period
• Absorption in the Gastrointestinal Tract
• Absorption of Proteins, Fats, and Carbohydrates
• Accommodation
• Acid-Base Balance Regulation
• Acquired Behavior: Mechanisms, Adaptation and Learning
• Action Potential
• Action Potential of a Typical Cardiomyocyte
• Action Potential Plateau
• Action Result Acceptor
• Action Result Acceptor in a Motor Act
• Adaptive-Trophic Function of the Sympathetic Nervous System
• Adenohypophyseal Hormones: Growth Hormone and Prolactin
• Adenohypophysis: Anatomy, Hormones and Hypothalamic Control
• Adrenal Cortex Hormones
• Adrenal Cortex Hormones and ACTH
• Adrenal Medulla Hormones
• Afferent Pathways of Pain Perception
• Afferent Synthesis
• Afferent Synthesis Stage
• Afferentation: Situational, Triggering, and Feedback
• Agnosia
• Altitude Hypoxia
• Alveolar Macrophages
• Alveolar Ventilation and Surfactant
• Analgesia and Pain Regulation
• Anokhin's Theory of Functional Systems
• Anticipatory Reflection of Reality
• Anticoagulants
• Antinociceptive System
• Aphasia
• Appetite
• Architecture of the Behavioral Act
• Arterial Pulse
• Assessment and Correction of Physiological Functions in Labor
• Association Cortex
• Atrial Function
• Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP)
• Atrioventricular Node
• Autonomic Reflexes and Reflex Arcs
• Bainbridge Reflex
• Baroreceptors
• Basal Ganglia Physiology
• Basal Metabolic Rate
• Basal Nuclei
• Basics of Hemodynamics
• Basics of Nutrition
• Bernoulli's Law and Blood Pressure
• Bile
• Bile Formation and Secretion
• Bioelectric Processes in Secretory Cells
• Biological Isolation and Cell Membranes
• Biological Theory of Emotions
• Biomechanics of Breathing
• Blood as a Physiological System
• Blood Buffer Systems
• Blood Clotting Factors
• Blood Flow Patterns: Laminar vs Turbulent Flow
• Blood Flow Velocity
• Blood Groups: AB0 and Rh Systems
• Blood Osmotic and Oncotic Pressure
• Blood Plasma
• Blood Pressure and Fluid Balance
• Blood Pressure Fluctuations: Waves and Hemodynamics
• Blood Transfusion
• Blood Volume
• Body Response to Pain
• Body Temperature Core and Shell
• Bradycardia
• Bradykinin
• Brain Blood Flow and Metabolism Imaging Methods
• Brain Structures and Memory
• Brown Adipose Tissue
• Calorimetry
• Carbohydrate Metabolism
• Carbon Dioxide Transport in Blood
• Cardiac Automatism
• Cardiac Cycle
• Cardiac Excitation Conduction
• Cardiac Hemodynamics
• Cardiac Valvular Apparatus
• Central Regulation of Autonomic Functions and Autonomic Tone
• Central Sleep Theories (Cortical and Subcortical)
• Cerebellum
• Cerebral Circulation
• Cerebral Cortex Physiology
• Changes in Higher Nervous Activity and Behavior During Sleep
• Chemical Specificity of Motivations
• Chemical Structure and Synthesis of Hormones
• Cholesterol and Lipoprotein Metabolism
• Chronotropic Effect
• Classification and Mechanisms of Action of Receptors
• Classification of Nerve Fibers
• Clot Retraction and Fibrinolysis
• CNS Inhibition: Mechanisms and Types
• Coagulation Hemostasis
• Cognitive Activity: Mechanisms, Architecture and Dynamics
• Comparison of Somatic and Autonomic Nervous Systems
• Conditioned Inhibition
• Conditioned Reflexes
• Conducting and Central Parts of Sensory Systems
• Convergent Theory of the Conditioned Reflex
• Coronary Circulation
• Cortical Pain Perception
• Cortical Theory of Emotions
• Cortical-Subcortical Interactions in the Sleep-Wake Cycle
• Cortico-Subcortical Integration in Motivation
• Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone
• Cortisol
• Creative Activity
• CRH (Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone)
• Decerebrate Rigidity
• Decision-Making in Behavioral Acts
• Deep-Sea Diving Physiology
• Defecation
• Defecation Reflex and Physiology
• Deficits in Parietal Cortex Lesions
• Deglutition and the Esophagus
• Depressor Reflex
• Diastolic Sound
• Diffusion and Gas Exchange in the Lungs
• Digestion in the Duodenum
• Digestion in the Large Intestine
• Digestion in the Oral Cavity
• Digestion in the Small Intestine
• Distal Convoluted Tubules and Collecting Ducts
• Dromotropic Effect
• Dynamic Stereotype
• Dynamic Stereotype and Work Rhythm
• Dynamics of Emotion Formation
• ECG Waves and Segments
• EEG During Sleep
• Effects of the Autonomic Nervous System on Organs and Tissues
• Efferent Synthesis and Action
• Electroencephalography
• Electrophysiology of the Motor Act
• Emotional Appetite
• Emotional Stress in Workers
• Emotional Stress: Pathophysiology and Stages
• Emotions: Physiology, Functions and Characteristics
• Endocrine Functions of the Kidneys, Heart, and Other Organs
• Endocrine Glands and Hormone Sources
• Endocrine Regulation
• Endothelin: Structure, Receptors, and Pathophysiology
• Energy Balance
• Energy Expenditure in Physical and Mental Activity
• Energy Metabolism: ATP, Thermodynamics and Heat Production
• Energy Supply for Work
• Enterohepatic Circulation of Bile Acids
• Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate
• Erythrocytes
• Erythropoiesis and Red Blood Cell Destruction
• ESR (Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate)
• Evaluation of Action Results in Functional Systems
• Excitability: Optimum, Pessimum, and Parabiosis
• Excitatory Postsynaptic Potential (EPSP)
• Excretion and Homeostasis
• Experimental Neuroses
• Extrapyramidal System and Descending Tracts
• Extrarenal Excretion
• Extrasystole
• Extrasystole: Mechanisms and ECG Characteristics
• Factors of Blood Flow
• Feeding Center
• Female Reproductive System
• Female Sex Hormones
• Fertilization
• Fibrin
• Fibrin and Fibrinogen Degradation Products
• Fibrinolysis: Mechanism, Phases and Enzymes
• Formation of Motivation and Behavior
• Formation of Motivations
• Formation of Voluntary Movements
• Forms of Hormonal Signaling
• Frontal and Parietal Lobes of the Cerebral Cortex
• Functional Behavioral Systems
• Functional Organization of Sensory Systems (Analyzers)
• Functional Organization of the Cortex and Hemispheric Asymmetry
• Functional System of a Behavioral Act
• Functional System of Blood Pressure Regulation
• Functional System of Nutrition
• Functional System of Osmotic Pressure Regulation
• Functional System of Thermoregulation
• Functional System Regulating Blood Volume
• Functional Systems
• Functional Systems in Labor Activity
• Gastric Digestion: Processes, Secretion, and Enzymes
• Gastric Motility
• Gastrointestinal Absorption
• Gastrointestinal Microbiome
• Gate Control Theory of Pain
• General Characteristics of the Autonomic Nervous System
• General Principles of Digestion
• General Properties of Living Organisms
• Genesis of Emotional States
• Gigantism
• Glial and Mediator Theories of Memory
• Glomerular Filtration
• Glucocorticoids
• Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH)
• Gustatory System
• Haemopoiesis
• Heart Chamber Pressures
• Heart Sounds
• Heat Loss
• Hematocrit and Blood Viscosity
• Hemispheric Asymmetry and Speech Functions
• Hemoglobin: Structure, Function and Pathology
• Hemostasis
• Holographic Memory Hypothesis
• Homeostasis
• Hormonal Regulation of Calcium Balance
• Hormonal Regulation of Water and Electrolyte Balance
• Hormone Receptors
• Hormone Secretion and Circulation
• Hormones: Definition, Classification, and Mechanisms of Action
• Humoral and Vascular Theories of Sleep
• Humoral Factors of Vascular Regulation
• Hunger and Satiety
• Hydrochloric Acid Secretion
• Hyperpolarization Inhibition
• Hypothalamic-Pituitary System
• Hypothalamus
• Hypothalamus Physiology
• Hypovolemia: Pathophysiology and Compensatory Mechanisms
• Immunological Theory of Memory
• Impact of Skill Level on Physiological Processes
• Informational Theory of Emotions
• Inhibition in the Central Nervous System
• Inhibition of Gastric Secretion
• Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potential (IPSP)
• Innate Behavior
• Inotropic Effect
• Instrumental Methods for Brain Activity Research
• Integrative Theory of Emotions
• Interaction of the Autonomic Nervous System Divisions
• Intestinal Motility
• Irritability
• Klüver-Bucy Syndrome: Features and Neuroanatomy
• Lability of Excitable Tissues
• Law of Moderate Loads
• Laws of Excitation in Excitable Tissues
• Leukocytes
• Limbic System: Anatomy, Functions and Emotion
• Lipid and Protein Hydrolysis
• Lipid Metabolism
• Liver Functions: Bile Secretion, Detoxification and Metabolism
• Local Response and Local Excitation
• Long-Term Memory
• Loop of Henle
• Lymphatic System
• Male Reproductive System
• Mechanism of Internal Inhibition
• Mechanism of Synaptic Transmission
• Mechanism of the Newborn's First Breath
• Mechanism of Thirst
• Mechanisms of Hunger
• Mechanisms of Hyperalgesia and Antianalgesia
• Mechanisms of Neuronal Interaction
• Mechanisms of Satiety
• Mechanisms of Short-Term Memory
• Mechanisms of Temporary Connection Formation
• Mechanisms of Thought Control and Self-Regulation
• Memory Engram
• Memory Formation Process: Stages and Mechanisms
• Memory in Physiology
• Memory Proteins
• Metabolism and Energy Balance
• Metabolism in the GI Tract
• Metasympathetic Nervous System
• Methemoglobin
• Methods for Studying the Digestive Tract
• Methods for Studying Work Movements
• Methods of Active Brain Stimulation and Modulation
• Methods of Central Nervous System Investigation
• Microcirculation
• Microcirculation and Transvascular Exchange
• Micturition
• Mineralocorticoids: Physiology, Regulation and Clinical Significance
• Miosis
• Molecular Mechanism of Muscle Contraction
• Molecular Theory of Memory
• Morphofunctional Classification of Blood Vessels
• Morphological Theories of Memory
• Morphology of the Parasympathetic Nervous System
• Morphology of the Sympathetic Nervous System
• Motivation and Memory
• Motivation and Programming in Labor Activity
• Motivational Centers of the Hypothalamus
• Motivations
• Motor Control and Movement Organization
• Motor Cortex of the Cerebral Hemispheres
• Motor Cortex: Anatomy, Functions and Tracts
• Motor Skill
• Motor Unit (Neuromotor Unit)
• Motor Units
• Motor Units
• Muscle Contraction Summation and Tetanus
• Muscle Fatigue and Energetics
• Muscle Fiber Types
• Muscle Spindles and Tendon Receptors
• Muscle Tone
• Mydriasis
• Myocardial Contraction Features
• Negative Emotions and Psychosomatics
• Nephron Structure: Anatomy, Segments and Functions
• Nerve Fiber Conduction: Mechanisms, Types and Laws
• Neural Centers
• Neural Inhibition
• Neurohumoral Regulation of Respiration
• Neurohypophyseal Hormones
• Neurohypophysis
• Neuropeptides and Memory
• Neurophysiological and Neurochemical Mechanisms of Sleep
• Neurophysiological Mechanisms of Motivation
• Neurotransmitters
• Neurotransmitters and Receptors of the Autonomic Nervous System
• Nociceptors
• Nucleus Tractus Solitarii (NTS): Anatomy and Functions
• Nutrient Storage Depots: Anatomy, Regulation and Pathophysiology
• Nutritional Self-Regulation: Mechanisms of Exogenous and Endogenous Nutrition
• Occipital and Temporal Lobes of the Cerebral Cortex
• Optical System of the Eye
• Osmoreceptors: Location, Mechanism and Clinical Significance
• Oxygen Transport in Blood
• Pain
• Pain Classification
• Pancreatic Hormones and Metabolic Regulation
• Papez Circuit
• Paradoxical (REM) Sleep
• Parameters of Cardiac Pumping Function
• Parasympathetic Nervous System
• Paraventricular Nucleus
• Pathological Motivations
• Peripheral Components of Emotions
• Peripheral Theory of Emotions
• Persistent Depolarization Inhibition
• Phases of Gastric Secretion
• Phases of the Cardiac Cycle
• Phonocardiography
• Photoreceptors
• Physical Properties of Respiratory Gases
• Physiological Body Temperature Fluctuations
• Physiological Mechanisms of pH Regulation
• Physiological Monitoring in Labor and Work
• Physiological Properties of the Myocardium
• Physiology of Behavior and Learning
• Physiology of Human Work and Labor Activity
• Physiology of Memory
• Physiology of Sexual Intercourse
• Physiology of Speech Generation
• Physiology of Stress and Adaptation
• Physiology of the Cerebellum
• Physiology of the Limbic System
• Physiology of the Medulla Oblongata and Pons
• Physiology of the Midbrain
• Physiology of the Parasympathetic Nervous System
• Physiology of the Reticular Formation
• Physiology of the Sympathetic Nervous System
• Physiology of the Thalamus
• Physiology of Walking
• Platelet Plug Formation (Primary Hemostasis)
• Platelets
• Plethysmography
• Post-tetanic Potentiation
• Postganglionic Fiber
• Posture Regulation and Brainstem Reflexes
• Preganglionic Fiber
• Programming of Mental Activity
• Proopiomelanocortin (POMC)
• Properties and Functions of Skeletal Muscles
• Properties and Structure of Motivational Arousal
• Properties of Living Organisms. Principles of Physiological Regulation
• Properties of Receptors
• Prostaglandins in Circulatory Regulation
• Protein Metabolism
• Pulmonary Circulation
• Pulmonary Circulation
• Pulmonary Volumes and Capacities
• Pulse Wave
• Purkinje Cells
• RAAS (Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System)
• Recall of Memory Traces
• Reflex and Reflex Arc
• Reflex of Purpose
• Reflex Ring
• Reflex Theory
• Regulation of Body Functions
• Regulation of Cardiac Activity
• Regulation of Fluid Balance and Blood Volume
• Regulation of Gastrointestinal Tract Functions
• Regulation of Heart Function
• Regulation of Muscle Tone and Posture
• Regulation of Pancreatic Secretion
• Regulation of Urine Formation
• Regulation of Vascular Tone and Cardiac Activity
• Regulation of Water Balance
• Releasing Hormones (Liberins)
• Renal Functions: Metabolic and Endocrine Roles
• Repolarization
• Reproductive Functions
• Respiration at High Atmospheric Pressure
• Respiration at Low Atmospheric Pressure
• Respiratory Center
• Respiratory Functional System
• Resting Membrane Potential
• Retina
• Reverberation of Excitation
• Reverse Afferentation
• Rh Blood Group System
• Role of Emotions in Mental Activity
• Role of the Temporal Cortex in Memory
• Sarcomere
• Sechenov Inhibition
• Secretion
• Segmental Apparatus of the Spinal Cord
• Sensory and Brainstem Mechanisms of Sleep
• Sensory Memory
• Sex Hormones and Reproductive System
• Short-Term Memory: Physiology, Mechanisms, and Consolidation
• Sinoatrial Node
• Sleep Cycles and Dreams
• Sleep Disorders: Pathophysiology and Mechanisms
• Sleep: Physiological Significance and Objective Signs
• Slow Diastolic Depolarization
• Small Intestine: Secretion and Motility
• Smooth Muscle Tissue Contraction
• Somatomedin
• Special Forms of Pain
• Speech Development and Systemogenesis of Thought
• Speech Physiology
• Spinal Cord Physiology
• Spinal Cord Reflexes
• Spinal Reflexes
• Stages of Action Formation and Execution
• Stages of Memory
• Stannius Ligatures Experiment
• Statokinetic Reflexes
• Structure of the Analyzer According to I.P. Pavlov
• Suprachiasmatic Nucleus
• Synapse: Structure, Types, and Transmission
• Systemic Architectonics of a Behavioral Act
• Systemic Architecture of Mental Activity
• Systemic Factors of Labor Activity
• Systemic Principle of Behavior Organization
• Systemic Quantization of Mental Activity
• Tachycardia
• Temperature Regulation in Different Environments
• Thalamic Theory of Emotions
• Theories of Hunger
• Theories of Motivation
• Theory of Functional Systems
• Thermogenesis: Physiological Mechanisms of Heat Production
• Thermoreceptors: Anatomy and Physiology
• Thermoregulation Centers
• Thermoregulation Disorders: Hyperthermia and Hypothermia
• Thermoregulation: General Concepts
• Thresholds and Laws of Perception
• Thromboxane A2 (TXA2): Synthesis and Effects
• Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone
• Tissue Factor (Tissue Thromboplastin)
• Tissue Gas Exchange
• Troponin
• Tubular Reabsorption
• Types of Higher Nervous Activity
• Types of Leukocytes
• Types of Memory
• Types of Motivations
• Types of Muscle Contractions
• Types of Secretion
• Unconditioned Inhibition
• Unconditioned Reflexes
• Urine Composition and Properties
• Urine Formation Processes: Filtration, Reabsorption and Secretion
• Vascular Resistance
• Vascular Tone Regulation
• Vasomotor Center
• Vasomotor Center: Anatomy and Hemodynamic Regulation
• Venous Sinus of the Heart
• Ventricular Diastole
• Ventricular Systole
• Ventromedial Hypothalamus
• Visual Acuity
• Visual Pigments
• Visual System
• Water and Electrolyte Absorption
• Water and Electrolyte Balance Disorders
• Water Balance and Transcapillary Water Exchange
• Work Capacity and Fatigue
• Zona Fasciculata of the Adrenal Cortex